Supporting Children in Distress an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Supporting Children in Distress In the short story, The Use of Force, William Carlos Williams delineates a specialists involvement in a debilitated little youngster and her folks. He was approached to visit the familys home all together for the childs infection to be analyzed, as she has been down with fever for as far back as three days. The specialist, in any case, accepts that the kid might be experiencing fever as well as from diphtheria. Be that as it may, the young lady will not help out him, with the supplications of both the guardians and himself failing to receive any notice. At long last, he needed to turn out to be genuinely forceful with the kid by strongly opening the young ladies mouth and peering down her throat, which uncovered that she was in reality dispensed with diphtheria. Need exposition test on Supporting Children in Distress point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue Through the story, I found that the connection between the little youngster and her folks is more fascinating than the association between the kid and the specialist. This is on the grounds that it holds the significant key to understanding the dynamic interchange of the various characters in the story by indicating the little youngsters strange practices and the manner in which her folks respond to and act towards her. I accept that she has really been an alternate and abnormal young lady even before the specialist shows up to analyze her, and that she didn't out of nowhere become that kind of a young lady after the specialist showed up at her home. Through the activity and conduct of the two guardians in the story, it tends to be indicated that the reason for the childs bizarre conduct and animosity is connected to the condition that her folks have encouraged inside the family. Nature here fundamentally implies the particular way her folks communicate with her. Through various sorts of social associations, both inside and outside the house, kids can shape their own individual selves, which comprise of their character, their conduct towards others, and even their outward appearances. In the primary appearance of the little youngster in the story, she is quickly painted as being diverse rather than her folks who seem typical. The mother is spotless and self-reproachful (80), while her little girl gazes toward the specialist with her chilly, watchful gazes, and no demeanor to her face (80). In the specialists eyes, she seems, by all accounts, to be as solid as a calf (80). From those portrayals of their appearances, both the little youngster and the mother appear to be quiet. However, the little youngster resembles a delayed bomb that will detonate once she contacts her cutoff in light of the fact that the specialist feels that she resembles a yearling, which suggests that she would be difficult to deal with once it become wild. Besides, her folks way toward the specialist doesn't appear to be a ton not quite the same as how others carry on. At the point when the specialist shows up at their home, the mother requests to be pardoned as she drives him to the kitchen where the kid is remaining warm. Moreover, the guardians don't talk more than they need to. Through the appearances and the association between the specialist and the guardians, nothing is surprising and unusual with the exception of the little youngster resembling a yearling. We discover the causes that may have adversely influenced the little youngster in their resulting cooperations. The association between the youngster and the guardians starts with the specialists endeavor to investigate the little girls mouth. At the point when he comes to near her, she attempts to hook at the specialists eyes, thumping his glasses to the ground in doing as such. Both of her folks are humiliated by that activity, however just her mom makes a move, You trouble maker, said the mother, taking her and shaking her by one arm. Look what youve done. The decent man... (81). I don't feel that the childs conduct is absolutely off-base in light of the fact that most youngsters are totally frightened of specialists, particularly the more youthful ones. The mother ought to have alleviated her as opposed to reproving. Moreover, when the mother appreciates him as The pleasant man before the youngster, it enlarges the hole between the young lady and the specialist. Considering the specialist The decent man causes the kid to have antagonistic vibe toward both her mom and the specialist since s he is known as a miscreant. For what reason did her mom cause her to appear to be so horrendous before the outsider as opposed to safeguarding her? Through this case of the moms activity inside the family, I can envision one reason why the youngster acts in an abnormal manner, and this is on the grounds that her mom has not connected with her in a balanced manner. The most secretive case of their surprising relationship is the little girl lying and concealing her irritated throat from her folks for a considerable length of time. Her folks says that she says her throat dont hurt her (80). How can it be that she would not disclose to her folks about the irritated throat? I additionally wonder if there has been any open door where the youngster and her folks uninhibitedly speak with one another previously. I accept that the appropriate response is no, for as her dad says, My better half has given her things, you know, similar to individuals do (80). In view of his words, it appears that they truly don't have the foggiest idea what the kid is experiencing. Each discussion between the guardians and the specialist gives proof that their peculiar relationship causes the childs surprising and forceful conduct. At the point when the youngster demonstrations madly and brutally towards the specialist, her mom shouts at her. We get that, however her mom o ught not exclusively be agreeing with the specialist. Additionally, the mother ought not have considered the specialist The pleasant man while she considers the youngster a miscreant. As we would already be able to expect, everything the guardians have done has adversely influenced the childs mind. At the point when individuals meet someone just because, similar to the guardians meeting the specialist in the story, they will in general show their esteem and their great sides to the next individual so they can make the other individual OK with them. On account of the family in the story, the childs position is by all accounts too hopeless as a result of her mom who never thinks about her little girl. I expect that the mother has just been such an individual since the kid has had the option to comprehend her general surroundings. Subsequently, the kid has quit discussing successfully with both her folks and began carrying on in an antagonistic way toward somebody whom her folks appear to respect. I am not saying that regarding others makes undesirable relations inside the family. In any case, taking somebodys side to the detriment of their own youngster must be stayed away from. This is to guarantee that the relatives have settled connections and that their kids will show threate ning vibe toward anybody. Works Cited Williams, William Carlos. The Use of Force.

Commercial Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Work - Essay Example As contracting can be believed to happen not just concerning distribution or the arrangement of merchandise and ventures. Redesign or salary upkeep projects may be chosen 'contracts' between government officials from one perspective and the masses then again. One could make an eccentricity between obvious agreements and emblematic agreements here, as discussing a few things as 'contracts' is essentially utilizing an illustration. Agreements as fiction are distinctively inconclusive, for what it's worth a long way from clear that the contracting parties are, the point at which the agreement was in actuality made and how it is being watched or observed. Anecdotal agreements can't be executed by an outsider. Arrangement of acquisition is so different from the universe of the models, and their subsequent ramifications, utilized by business analysts in learning acquirement getting that two ends appear to be worthy. The first is that there is considerable open door for ideal agreement hypothesis to add to better proficiency in resistance acquirement. The second is that the authenticities of barrier acquisition have critical ramifications for how financial specialists must investigation contracting motivating forces and skill in safeguard acquirement. Acquirement involves a wide assortment of merchandise running from standard things, for example, garbs and ammo to significant weapons frameworks whose obtaining may take ten to fifteen years to finish. Acquirement of standard things is passive to serious offering and fixed-value contracts, however rivalry and fixed-value contracts are less, and arranged agreements progressively, appropriate for significant weapons frameworks that are composite, include yet-to-be-created advances, and have execution goals that may be out of reach or unthinkable at sensible expense. Especially on account of frameworks that involve innovative work, the ability to foresee future mechanical advancements is restricted, and regardless of whether the conceivable outcomes can be remembered, it might be illogical to offer legally binding possibilities for every single potential occasion. Understanding acquisition process The confusions of significant weapons frameworks obtaining are repeated in the acquisition procedure which contains a progression of stages starting with protection readiness arranging, program beginning, introductory innovative work, source determination, framework advancement, creation, and follow-ons (e.g., saves). The creation and follow-on stages are the most submissive to financial displaying and investigation, yet various of the determinants of program cost and weapons framework execution have just been for the most part chosen when a creation contract is arranged. The subject of monetary examination along these lines must be on the bigger acquisition proces

Disaparity economics Who is the top 1% of the income and where do they Essay

Disaparity financial aspects Who is the top 1% of the salary and where do they live - Essay Example Divergence financial aspects is impacted by numerous components like globalization, world of politics, and social changes. In America, it is asserted that globalization made â€Å"money go genuinely crazy† (Peterson, refered to in Freeland). The way of life of the most extravagant is a long ways from that of poor people. The most extravagant are the globetrotters who never remain in the nation for long. They realize outside spots better than they do puts in their own nation. They invest more energy with aircraft airline stewards than with their families. The vast majority of these most extravagant individuals are specialists. An investigate the lives and societies of these individuals encourages a typical individual to evaluate how distinctively they live their lives than a white collar class individual who needs to manage such a large number of frailties throughout everyday life. For instance, the work advertise is so erratic in light of the fact that the financial state of the nation has made cutbacks so basic now wherever in the US. All the capital additions continue moving toward that 1 percent which as of now has enough of these increases. The outcome is that different classes, particularly the middles class, is radically looted off of its benefits. For instance, Freeland in her sagacious book gives instances of Bill Gates and Warren Buffet to demonstrate how astoundingly inconsistent the American culture has become. It is guaranteed that both these men together have a tight handle on as much riches as the other 120 million Americans at the base of the riches circulation. Entryways and Buffet are two most significant names of the top 1% of the US society. Smorgasbord lives in Omaha in not an exceptionally sumptuous home. In any case, the structure of the house is exceptionally pleasant. He additionally simply sold a sumptuous getaway home situated in Laguna Beach. It is sheltered to state that he carries on with an entirely agreeable way of life. Bill Gates lives in an enormous chateau which took more than 7 years and 63 million dollars to construct alone. The house is situated in Washington. There is each extravagance possible

Review Of Breast Size Health And Social Care - Free Essay Example

2.1 Definition of large breast women There is no united definition of the large breast size in the entire brassiere industry as well as in medicine. Many misconceptions appear that whoever looks fat likewise have large breasts. And some may define it as E cup or above due to the difficulties in purchasing bra in the recent market or grading the contour cup shape. Indeed, plus size usually refer to large chest women who may not really look fat. 2.1.1 Medical standard In medicine, there are many different standards on large breast size. KL.Dundas from The Royal Australian and New Zealand of Radiologists (2007) defined that large breast size can be divided into two categories: the bra size and the cup size. The bra size is the component size of chest-wall and the cup size is referred to the mammary gland components. Women who have cup size D or above or bra size 18 or above can be classified as plus size. Another study about the relationship between the respiratory and measurement method and the bra size calculation (Mcghee, D.E. Steele, J.R., 2006) involved subjects of large breast women. They indicated those with cup size C or above as large breast women. In other research of medical scanning, Indra. J. Das (2006) also defined large breast Japan women whose distance of chest-wall were greater than 22 cm. It can be seen that there is no united standard of the large breast size among the medicine. 2.1.2 Market Standard People nowadays tend to have bigger cup size than before. Therefore, the plus size market is growing rapidly among the popular lingerie brands recently. Wacoal Hong Kong Company limited (2008) once launched a line mainly for large breast size women named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“WACOAL Queen Sizeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Cup size from C to I, which means having 15 cm up to 30 cm difference between upper bust girth and lower bust girth, and band size up to 120 cm or 52 inch are available. For the reason of simplicity, cup size of C or above with shoulder pain problem would be categorized as large breast women in this study even though it is not really the market standard and the common practice in the lingerie industry. 2.2 Problems faced by large breast women Many women envy those who have large breasts since they think it is a symbol of sexy appeal. Many even undergo breast augmentation to enhance their bodies with silicone and saline implants (2010). However, it may not be the same feeling for the women who carry the heavy breasts around. The large breasts may trigger multiple problems like physical problems and psychological problems (Dave, 2009). These may affect our daily life or even our social life. 2.2.1 Physical problems Plenty of health websites and journals claimed that the weak chest tissue could easily be over stretched by the excessive weight of the large breasts and as a result causing a lot of problems like upper and lower back pain as well as shoulder pain. Sheer gravity was the main reason causing shoulder pain problem. The heavy breasts makes the shoulders have to work extra hard to keep the back spine straight from being pulled down by them (Ardian, 2010). The arching action also add lots of load to the acromion (Figure 2.1), which is the highest point of shoulder and one of the most sensitive parts of the body (Carol, 2002). Pain feeling would rise and the dark red marks would be left on the shoulder because of the excessive load from the breast and the tighten bra straps after period of time (Toni, 2008). Besides, there are many blood vessels and nerves like Brachial plexus located underneath the skin which are extremely sensitive to pressure and pain feeling. They are the nerve fibres that serve sensation and motor function in the shoulders, arms, and hands travel to and from the spinal cord in the neck (Carol, 2002). So, the wearer had fatigue and pain feeling easily when there is an excessive load applied on the shoulder. Sometimes, the wearers may even have upper arm pain additionally. Due to the shoulder pain as well as the arm pain feeling, exercise is not an easy task for busty women. Because their breasts would be all bouncy when they move and this may cause pain as the muscles around the breasts area are being consistently pulled during the sport activity (Carla Ardian, 2010). IMAG0103.jpg Figure 2.1 The acromion Source: Carol A. Oatis. (2002), Kinesiology the mechanics pathomechanics of human movement, pp. 123 2.2.2 Psychological problems Apart from the physically pain, large breast also accrue to women with emotional problems. Many women dislike their large breasts because they make them look fatter. It is harder for them to find some pretty clothes. Even worse, the patterns on the top would become deformed and as a result make them feel frustrated. These would prevent them from enjoying a higher quality of life (Dave, 2009). Therefore, this is not surprised that their self image drops dramatically because of all these factors. To improve the situation, some may even take the breast reduction surgery. According to the American Society of plastic Surgeonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2007 nation plastic surgery statistics, over 100000 women had taken the breast reduction surgery in 2007. And there were 25% growth when compared with the same survey last year (Toni, 2008). Base on the above physical and mental problems, the objective of this study is to look into the possibility of distribute or minimize the pain feeling caus ed by excessive pressure load from the shoulder straps. 2.3 Current plus size bra market practice Many plus size bras are available in the existing market. They are specially designed in terms of comfort and support for women with large breasts. Besides, some accessories could be found as auxiliaries for minimizing the pressure and pain feeling. https://www.biggerbras.com/productpics3/large/AVI/aviana-plus-size-underwire-minimizer-bra-2457.jpg Figure 2.2 An example of plus size bra Source: https://blog.biggerbras.com/?tag=best-plus-size-minimizer-bra 2.3.1 Special design of bra cup Plus size bra always appears as full cup with higher neckline to cover the entire breast. The full cup is designed to give more support for the breasts to help keep the shape and fullness of the breast. Most of them are thin padded cup with wire and inner sling for minimizing the movement of the breasts. Full cup bras are ideal for larger breast sizes and pregnant women as less support can lead to a slight sagging of the breasts and back pains (My Fine Lingerie, 2010). https://www.biggerbras.com/productpics3/large/AVI/aviana-plus-size-seamless-minimizer-underwire-bra-2460.jpg Figure 2.3 An example of full cup bra with higher neckline Source: https://www.biggerbras.com/productpics3/large/AVI/aviana-plus-size-seamless-minimizer-underwire-bra-2460.jpg 2.3.2 Special design of wings Wider wings with side bones are another features of plus size bra. They are used to keep the bra firmly in place and help to limit the breast movement. Hooks and eyes are available at the end of the wings for adjustments. Appropriate tension can be applied to the wearer so as to fit well with a secure frame for breast support. https://media.redcatsusa.com/is/image/womanwithin/mm/0027_76453_mm.jpg?wid=230qlt=95op_sharpen=1 Figure 2.4 Wider wing with hooks and eyes Source: https://media.redcatsusa.com/is/image/womanwithin/mm/0027_76453_mm.jpg?wid=230qlt=95op_sharpen=1 2.3.3 Special design of shoulder straps The average breast weight of adult women was around 200g without any pregnancy and lactation. The pregnancy women could have breasts weight from 400g to 600g and up to 800g in lactation. D cup size or above plus size women could have the breasts weight same as the pregnancy and lactation women (Laurence D.J, 1991). Therefore, the straps of plus size bra should be wide enough to allow better distribution of force. Mostly, the widths of them are more than 10mm. Some straps for plus size bra may even reach 19mm or more. It should contain minimal elasticity and good recovery at the same time as well. Sometimes, the front part of the straps appears as rigid to limit the breast movement. Also, the tension of shoulder straps should fit different body lengths by using strap material with proper power and elasticity or applying adjusters. If there are not enough adjustments of the shoulder straps, the required lift-up function cannot be provided if it is too loose, or cause fatigue and pain if it is too tight (Zhou Jie, 2010). Besides, padded or cushion straps are other designs for easing the neck and shoulder pain. https://www.comparestoreprices.co.uk/images/na/natori-underwire-sport-bra.jpg Figure 2.5 Wider and padded shoulder strap Source: https://www.comparestoreprices.co.uk/images/na/natori-underwire-sport-bra.jpg 2.3.4 Accessories One of the examples of accessories for minimizing the shoulder pain and discomfort is the shoulder pad. It is common in the U.S., U.K. or Europe, but it is not easy to find in Asian countries, especially in Hong Kong since lingerie brands mainly target on the small size. There are various kinds of shoulder strap pads with some designed in small size in foam material or gel pad to provide shock absorb effect and some designed in a hand- size big. The big pad is specially designed for post surgery women like mastectomy, chemotherapy and pacemaker implantation. The product shown in figure 2.5 and 2.6 were the attachable shoulder strap foam pad and silicone pad respectively which could provid the free movement along the shoulder straps. They could be the extra supporter placing under the straps for easing shoulder pain. However, the thickness of the shoulder pad could easily show though the outerwear, an innovation from the online shop called covered shoulder pad shown in figure 2.7 can help this. It is a pad with a channel in between for placing shoulder straps as well as providing a smooth shoulder contour with its finely tapered edges. https://www.independence.ltd.uk/userimages/3931%20Bra%20Strap%20Pad%202.jpg?rand=1219843165 Figure 2.6 An example of shoulder strap foam pad Source: https://www.independence.ltd.uk/userimages/3931%20Bra%20Strap%20Pad%202.jpg?rand=1219843165 https://www.ecrobot.com:81/offer/02_OutputOfferImage.php?n=10779926174548427985743820946206 Figure 2.7 A shoulder silicone pad Source: https://www.ecrobot.com:81/offer/02_OutputOfferImage.php?n=10779926174548427985743820946206 https://images.herroom.com/items/braza-brz001-2100-gs.jpgFlip Flap Satin Covered Shoulder Pads Figure 2.8 Covered shoulder pad Source: https://www.herroom.com/braza-2100-flip-flap-satin-covered-shoulder-pads.shtml 2.4 The mechanism of shock absorb According to a research done by Zhou Jie (2010), when the human body collides with the ground, impact forces develop. With each foot strike during walking or running, the shock wave would transmitted throughout the body and ultimately reach the head. The shock attenuation is brought by the shock absorbers in the human body such as joint positioning, muscle activity, synovial fluid, bone, and articular cartilage. Any forces that are not absorbed by the lower extremity will be transmitted up to the kinetic chain, which gives a force to breast and makes breast move. The movement of breasts results in pressure to the body. The applied load was 1.25 times of the body weight while walking. Shoulder pad provides a cushion effect to the wearer and it acts as a protector to reduce the pressure transmitted to the shoulder. Once there are compression force stroke on the cushion, the cushion was compressed and stored part of the strain energy. The cushion would become stiffness and thinner (Kevin, 1999). The strain energy stored inside the cushion would then be converted into heat energy and dissipated by the air. When the compression load removed, the cushion would be recovered into its original shape called energy return (Pi, et al., 2008). Because of the dissipation of part of the impact energy, the wearer would then feel lesser resilient force from the ground and superior comfort of relieving the shoulder pain. 2.5 Definition and functions of elastics Elastic is an essential component of lingerie. It is a narrow fabric which does not exceed 18à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in width and it can be classified as woven or knitted. Elastics have been widely used in textiles as well as lingerie like the upper and lower band of wings, shoulder straps and the opening of the briefs. This is all because it can position the garment, support the garment as well as create a finished edge or hem (Yip, 2010). 2.6 Shoulder straps Shoulder strap is the essential part of the whole bra (Click n Click, 2010). It is one of the narrow elastics which functions to support and control the movement of the breasts. The breast weight could act as a large load on the straps and in turn, excessive pressure on the shoulder of the wearers (Zhou Jie, 2010). Therefore, to provide more comfort to the wearer, shinny surface with matt back are always the appearance of the shoulder straps (Yip, 2010). 2.6.1 Constructions of shoulder straps There are two basic constructions for shoulder strap which are woven and crochet (knitted) elastics. For woven straps, it is the narrow woven fabric having stretch properties consisting of monofilament nylon yarns woven together (Thompson and Bick Harlequin, 1952). They have smoother, finer and flatter surface as well as being more supportive than knitted elastics. For knitted straps, they are always produced by interloping which means forming yarns into loops and intermeshing the loops into a structure (LAMB Knitting Machine Corporation, 2010). And most of them are warp knitted. Knitted straps have higher elongation compared to the woven straps. Small gaps would appear when stretched. Also, it is much cheaper in price (Yip, 2010). There are several areas that must be taken into considerations during the fabric construction: 1. Details of materials Types of filaments, number of counts and ends used in both warp and weft direction are recorded in a basic unit of fabric cons truction. 2. Details of fabric construction The arrangement of picks and ends are clearly recorded in a data sheet, specifying which types of nylon filaments and spandex used. 3. Production requirements Details of number of reed, picks per unit length, elongation and shrinkage requirements are also needed to be laid down for reference. 2.6.2 Product types There are two types of bra straps in turns of woven and knitted. Woven bra straps are available in 8 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 27mm. Plus size bra tends to use wider shoulder straps to help the distribution of force. It is more shinny and smoother on the surface to provide a better appearance and matt with brushes at the back to provide a comfort feeling to the wearer. There are a variety of surface pattern like stripes, zig zags, checks, plain satin effects and Jacquard. Different types of edge can be found in the market, for examples, plain, picots, loops, frills, double loops, etc. For knitted bra straps, matt and shinny appearance are available in the market. Surface patterns like loops and curves can be found on them. Picots, loops and double loops are the common edge of the knitted straps. Although the support is not as good as the woven bra straps, it is relatively cheaper and has more different kind of fashion styles (Yip, 2010). woven.jpg Figure 2.9 Woven shoulder straps knitted straps.jpg Figure 2.10 Knitted shoulder straps 2.6.3 Materials used in shoulder straps A variety of materials were used in the construction of shoulder straps such as nylon, polyester, spandex or Lycra and metallic yarn. 90% of shoulder straps use nylon as nylon can be dyed more easily with lower temperature compare to polyester. For spandex, it can be stretched for many times and recover to its original length after load is removed. It is due to its special arrangements of the molecular structure (Yip, 2010). The structure consists of long chain molecules that take on the conformation of large random coils. These long chain structures show soft and flexible properties at room temperature. When stretched, they will deform or uncoil and return back to its original dimension after removing the force (Woods, 1987). Spandex usually wrapped around by nylon or polyester yarn and forms elastic by weaving. Sometimes, metallic yarns are used to provide a more attractive and shinny appearance (Yip, 2010). 2.6.4 Stretch and recovery of shoulder straps Stretch or elongation, recovery and modulus are three main considerations during construction of elastics. Both of them play the important roles in determining the supportive and comfortable level of a shoulder strap (Yip, 2010). 1. Elongation Elongation, combines with strength, indicates the ability of a yarn of fabric to absorb energy. (John Sons, 1977) Elongation means the percentage extension at the specified load. When objects are put under stress, they will stretch before breaking. If the stress is not great enough to break the object, the deformation is usually temporary and the objects original shape will return when the stress is removed. Knowing how shoulder straps will elongate is critical for designing a bra for large breast women which can ensure that they do not elongate so much that they no longer have enough strength to withstand the forces while elongated (Mark Kennan, 1999). To measure this, the original length of the shoulder strap sample should be subtrac ted by the length of the strap which under specified load first. And then the result would be divided by the original length of the strap. Lastly, it is to multiply the result by 100%. The final result would be the elongation of the strap. Below is the equation of elongation. Length under specified load original length X 100% Original length 2. Recovery Recovery means the percentage of the elastic that can be recovered when the load is released. After a load is released from a stress-strain test, some of the total deformation is recovered as elastic deformation (Mark Kennan, 1999). The higher the percentage states that the better the recovery a strap has. It is also very important to shoulder straps as they should keep a certain recovery rate say 85 % even after using repeatedly. To measure this, the elongated length of the straps should minus the recovered length and the original gauge length respectively. And then the former would be divided by the latter one. Lastly, the result should be multiplied by 100%. The final result would be the recovery of the shoulder strap. Below is the equation of it. ___Elongated length (in.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Recovered length ___ X100% Elongated length (in.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Original gauge length 3. Modulus Modulus means the amount of load (in lbs) needed to extend the elastics to 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. In another words, it is the ratio of pressure (stress) applied to a body to the resistance (strain) produced by the body. The higher the modulus, the larger the amount of load has to applied to extend the straps (Yip, 2010). This is another important consideration for the construction of strap since the modulus should not be too low as straps should have certain stiffness to support the breasts weight. Elongation, recovery and modulus are three very vital checking points before the shipment of each batch of shoulder straps. Therefore, control of them should be extremely careful within the set tole rance. Besides, different cup size bras should match with different shoulder straps with different level of elongation, recovery and modulus because of the comfort and support level provided. 2.7 Physical properties of spandex fibre Property spandex Natural rubber Other synthetic fibres Elongation at break (%) 500-800 500-900 0-40 Tensile strength 6-12 2-4 30-70 (break tenacity, g/tex) Thickness available (tex) 2-60 17 upwards 2 upwards Stress at 200% elongation (g/tex) 0.4-1 0.15-0.3 N.A. Melting point ËÅ ¡C ca250 150 140-250 Moisture regain (% at 21ËÅ ¡C, 65%RH) cal.0 0.2 0.2-5.0 Table 2.1 Physical properties of spandex fibre From the table, it can be seen that, although the nature rubber also has a high value of elongation at break, it is not suitable for making elastic fabric because of its low tensile strength and high value of thickness (Randall and Lee, 2002). 2.8 Innovative design of shoulder straps 2.9 Design frameworks In the overall product life cycle, before the product manufacturing, product development is very important as many ideas generate and integrate to form new products. There are many different frameworks for product development and design, but not all of them provide the specific ideas for functional apparel. Only DeJonge (1984) and Watkin (1988) provide the specific ideas in this aspect (Chan, 2001). 2.9.1 DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model DeJonge (1984) proposed a process for the development of functional occupational clothing that places importance on identifying user needs and analyzing user situations through systematic exploration. The full process guides the designer step-by-step from initial request to prototype completion and evaluation (Table 2.2). DeJonge provide a systematic model on design research and this helps designers a lot to determine the design specifications. This model provides a clear division between the development of design specification and the establishment of design criteria. It can clearly list out the important issues that designers should consider during the whole design process(Chan, 2001). DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design stage Description 1. Initial request made Define design problem 2. Design direction explored Find design directions 3. Design goals defined Define the goals for research 4. Research for specification developed Develop in-depth research to find design factors 5. Design criteria established Ranking and weighting design criteria 6. Prototype development Develop the prototype for the design according to the criteria made in the previous stage 7. Prototype evaluation Evaluate the prototype Table 2.2 DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design process 2.9.2 Watkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model Watkinsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ model (1988) adapts seven-step approach of design process that includes acceptance, analysis, definition, ideation, selection, implementation and evaluation. This model focuses more on the problem solving stages with a heavier weighting on the prototype implement part. Watkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s steps Descriptions 1. Acceptaance Get motivation and find reasons to devote time and effort to the design problem 2. Analysis Find out all aspects of design situation by learning and interviewing 3. Definition Determining the most essential elements by sifting through the mass of data and ideas collected in the previous stages 4. Ideation Generate ideas and creative things as many as possible 5. Selection Select the best idea 6. Implementation Take action and try out the best idea 7. Evaluation Analyzing what happened when action was taken Table 2.3 Watkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design process 2.9.3 Selection of design framework Although both Dejongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Watkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s models provide the specific ideas for development of functional apparel, the later one is more or less used for the teaching of design process (Chan, 2001). Among these frameworks, DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s functional design process is generally accepted by clothing and textile researchers to be a landmark for the development of the design processes. It has also been used to guide research into the development of garment design criteria and prototype. Examples of previous research that have used the full or adaptations of DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s basic design framework are clothing for women with physical disabilities (Carroll, 2001), intimate apparel designs for women (Chan, 2001) and hospital clothing for neonates (Bergen et al.,1996). For the above reasons, this study was conducted to design and develop a set of new product of shoulder strap based on DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design framework. Details of the design process based on DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s framework are presented in Chapter 5. Current scientific knowledge and systematic design framework are necessary to guide scientific investigation of design and development of shoulder straps. 2.10 Summary and conclusion of literature review

The History of How Cows Were Domesticated

According to archaeological and genetic evidence, wild cattle or aurochs (Bos primigenius) were likely domesticated independently at least twice and perhaps three times. A distantly related Bos species, the yak (Bos grunniens grunniens or Poephagus grunniens) was domesticated from its still-living wild form, B. grunniens or B. grunniens mutus. As domesticated animals go, cattle are among the earliest, perhaps because of the multitude of useful products they provide humans: food products such as milk, blood, fat, and meat; secondary products such as clothing and tools manufactured from hair, hides, horns, hooves and bones; dung for fuel; as well as load-bearers and for pulling plows. Culturally, cattle are banked resources, which can provide bride-wealth and trade as well as rituals such as feasting and sacrifices. Aurochs were significant enough to Upper Paleolithic hunters in Europe to be included in cave paintings such as those of Lascaux. Aurochs were one of the largest herbivores in Europe, with the largest bulls reaching shoulder heights of between 160-180 centimeters (5.2-6 feet), with massive frontal horns of up to 80 cm (31 inches) in length. Wild yaks have black upward- and backward-curving horns and long shaggy black to brown coats. The adult males can be 2 m (6.5 ft) high, over 3 m (10 ft) long and can weigh between 600-1200 kilograms (1300-2600 pounds); females weigh only 300 kg (650 pounds) on average. Domestication Evidence Archaeologists and biologists are agreed that there is strong evidence for two distinct domestication events from aurochs: B. taurus in the near east about 10,500 years ago, and B. indicus in the Indus valley of the Indian subcontinent  about 7,000 years ago. There may have been a third auroch domesticate in Africa (tentatively called  B. africanus), about 8,500 years ago. Yaks were domesticated in central Asia about 7,000-10,000 years ago. Recent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies also indicate that B. taurus was introduced into Europe and Africa where they interbred with local wild animals (aurochs). Whether these occurrences should be considered as separate domestication events is somewhat under debate. Recent genomic studies (Decker et al. 2014) of 134 modern breeds supports the presence of the three domestication events, but also found evidence for later migration waves of animals to and from the three main loci of domestication. Modern cattle are significantly different today from the earliest domesticated versions. Three Auroch Domesticates Bos taurus The taurine (humpless cattle, B. taurus) was most likely domesticated somewhere in the Fertile Crescent about 10,500 years ago. The earliest substantive evidence for cattle domestication anywhere in the world is the Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures in the Taurus Mountains. One strong strand of evidence of the locus of domestication for any animal or plant is genetic diversity: places that developed a plant or animal generally have high diversity in those species; places where the domesticates were brought in, have lesser diversity. The highest diversity of genetics in cattle is in the Taurus Mountains. A gradual decline in overall body size of aurochs, a characteristic of domestication, is seen at several sites in southeastern Turkey, beginning as early as the late 9th at Cayonu Tepesi. Small-bodied cattle do not appear in archaeological assemblages in the eastern Fertile Crescent until relatively late (6th millennium BC), and then abruptly. Based on that, Arbuckle et al. (2016) surmise that domestic cattle arose in the upper reaches of the Euphrates river. Taurine cattle were traded across the planet, first into Neolithic Europe about 6400 BC; and they appear in archaeological sites as far away as northeastern Asia (China, Mongolia, Korea) by about 5000 years ago. Bos indicus (or B. taurus indicus) Recent mtDNA evidence for domesticated zebu (humped cattle, B. indicus) suggests that two major lineages of B. indicus are currently present in modern animals. One (called I1) predominates in southeast Asia and southern China and is likely to have been domesticated in the Indus Valley region of what is today Pakistan. Evidence of the transition of wild to domestic B. indicus is in evidence in Harappan sites such as Mehrgahr about 7,000 years ago. The second strain, I2, may have been captured in East Asia, but apparently was also domesticated in the Indian subcontinent, based on the presence of a broad range of diverse genetic elements. The evidence for this strain is not entirely conclusive as of yet. Possible: Bos africanus or Bos taurus Scholars are divided about the likelihood of a third domestication event having occurred in Africa. The earliest domesticated cattle in Africa have been found at Capeletti, Algeria, about 6500 BP, but Bos remains are found at African sites in what is now Egypt, such as Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba, as long ago as 9,000 years, and they may be domesticated. Early cattle remains have also been found at Wadi el-Arab (8500-6000 BC) and El Barga (6000-5500 BC). One significant difference for taurine cattle in Africa is a genetic tolerance to trypanosomosis, the disease spread by the tsetse fly which causes anemia and parasitemia in cattle, but the exact genetic marker for that trait has not been identified to date. A recent study (Stock and Gifford-Gonzalez 2013) found that although genetic evidence for African domesticated cattle is not as comprehensive or detailed as that for  other forms of cattle, what there is available suggests that domestic cattle in Africa are the result of wild aurochs having been introduced into local domestic B. taurus populations. A genomic study published in 2014 (Decker et al.) indicates that while considerable introgression and breeding practices have altered the population structure of modern day cattle, there is still consistent evidence for three major groups of domestic cattle. Lactase Persistence One recent strain of evidence for the domestication of cattle comes from the study of lactase persistence, the ability to digest milk sugar lactose in adults (the opposite of lactose intolerance). Most mammals, including humans, can tolerate milk as infants, but after weaning, they lose that ability. Only about 35% of people in the world are able to digest milk sugars as adults without discomfort, a trait called lactase persistence. This is a genetic trait, and it is theorized that it would have selected for in human populations that had ready access to fresh milk. Early Neolithic populations who domesticated sheep, goats and cattle would not have yet developed this trait, and probably processed the milk into cheese, yogurt, and butter prior to consuming it. Lactase persistence has been connected most directly with the spread of dairying practices associated with cattle, sheep, and goats into Europe by Linearbandkeramik populations beginning about 5000 BC. And a Yak (Bos grunniens grunniens or Poephagus grunniens) The domestication of yaks may well have made human colonization of the high Tibetan Plateau (also known as Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau) possible. Yaks are extremely well adapted to the arid steppes at high elevations, where low oxygen, high solar radiation, and extreme cold are common. In addition to the milk, meat, blood, fat, and pack energy benefits, perhaps the most important yak byproduct in the cool, arid climate is dung. The availability of yak dung as a fuel was a critical factor in allowing for the colonization of the high region, where other fuel sources are lacking. Yaks possess large lungs and hearts, expansive sinuses, long hair, thick soft fur (very useful for cold-weather clothing), and few sweat glands. Their blood contains a high hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count, all of which make cold adaptations possible. Domestic Yaks The main difference between wild and domestic yaks is their size. Domestic yaks are smaller than their wild relatives: adults are generally no more than 1.5 m (5 ft) tall, with males weighing between 300-500 kg (600-1100 lbs), and females between 200-300 kg (440-600 lbs). They have white or piebald coats and lack gray-white muzzle hairs. They can and do interbreed with wild yaks, and all yaks have the high altitude physiology they are prized for. There are three types of domestic yaks in China, based on morphology, physiology, and geographical distribution: a valley type distributed in the valleys of north and east Tibet, and some parts of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces;a plateau grassland type mainly found in the high, cold pastures and steppes that maintain an annual average temperature below 2 degrees centigrade;and white yaks found in almost every region in China. Domesticating the Yak Historical reports dated to the Chinese Han Dynasty state that yaks were domesticated by the Qiang people during the Longshan culture period in China, about 5,000 years ago. The Qiang were ethnic groups who inhabited the Tibetan Plateau borderlands including Qinghai Lake. Han Dynasty records also say the Qiang people had a Yak State during the Han dynasty, 221 BC-220 AD, based on a highly successful trade network. Trade routes involving domestic yak were recorded beginning in the Qin dynasty records (221-207 BC)--predating and no doubt part of precursors to the Silk Road--and cross-breeding experiments with Chinese yellow cattle to create the hybrid dzo are described there as well. Genetic (mtDNA) studies support the Han Dynasty records that yaks were domesticated on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, although the genetic data does not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn about the number of domestication events. The variety and distribution of mtDNA are not clear, and it is possible that multiple domestication events from the same gene pool, or interbreeding between wild and domesticated animals occurred. However, the mtDNA and archaeological results also blur the dating of the domestication. The earliest evidence for domesticated yak is from the Qugong site, ca. 3750-3100 calendar years ago (cal BP); and the Dalitaliha site, ca 3,000 cal BP near Qinghai Lake. Qugong has a large number of yak bones with an overall small stature; Dalitaliha has a clay figurine thought to represent a yak, the remnants of a wood-fenced corral, and fragments of hubs from spoked wheels. The mtDNA evidence suggests domestication took place as early as 10,000 years BP, and Guo et al. argue that the Qinghai lake Upper Paleolithic colonizers domesticated the yak. The most conservative conclusion to draw from this is that yaks were first domesticated in northern Tibet, probably the Qinghai Lake region, and were derived from wild yak for the production of wool, milk, meat and manual labor, at least 5000 cal bp. How Many Are There? Wild yaks were widespread and abundant in the Tibetan Plateau up until the late 20th century when hunters decimated their numbers. They are now considered highly endangered with an estimated population of ~15,000. They are protected by law but still illegally hunted. Domestic yaks, on the other hand, are abundant, an estimated 14-15 million in central highland Asia. The current distribution of yaks is from the southern slopes of the Himalayas to the Altai and Hangai Mountains of Mongolia and Russia. Approximately 14 million yaks live in China, representing about 95% of the worlds population; the remaining five percent are in Mongolia, Russia, Nepal, India, Bhutan, Sikkim and Pakistan. Sources à lvarez I, Pà ©rez-Pardal L, Traorà © A, Fernà ¡ndez I, and Goyache F. 2016. Lack of specific alleles for the bovine chemokine (C-X-C) receptor type 4 (CXCR4) gene in West African cattle questions its role as a candidate for trypanotolerance. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 42:30-33. Arbuckle BS, Price MD, Hongo H, and Ãâ€"ksà ¼z B. 2016. Documenting the initial appearance of domestic cattle in the Eastern Fertile Crescent (northern Iraq and western Iran). Journal of Archaeological Science 72:1-9. Cai D, Sun Y, Tang Z, Hu S, Li W, Zhao X, Xiang H, and Zhou H. 2014. The origins of Chinese domestic cattle as revealed by ancient DNA analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 41:423-434. Colominas, Là ­dia. The impact of the Roman Empire on animal husbandry practices: study of the changes in cattle morphology in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula through osteometric and ancient DNA analyses.  Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Angela Schlumbaum, Maria Saà ±a, Volume 6, Issue 1, SpringerLink, March 2014. Ding XZ, Liang CN, Guo X, Wu XY, Wang HB, Johnson KA, and Yan P. 2014. Physiological insight into the high-altitude adaptations in domesticated yaks (Bos grunniens) along the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau altitudinal gradient. Livestock Science 162(0):233-239. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.012 Leonardi M, Gerbault P, Thomas MG, and Burger J. 2012. The evolution of lactase persistence in Europe. A synthesis of archaeological and genetic evidence. International Dairy Journal 22(2):88-97. Gron KJ, Montgomery J, Nielsen PO, Nowell GM, Peterkin JL, Sà ¸rensen L, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2016. Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:248-251. Gron KJ, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2017. Herbivore diets and the anthropogenic environment of early farming in southern Scandinavia. The Holocene 27(1):98-109. Insoll T, Clack T, and Rege O. 2015. Mursi ox modification in the Lower Omo Valley and the interpretation of cattle rock art in Ethiopia. Antiquity 89(343):91-105. MacHugh DE, Larson G, and Orlando L. 2017. Taming the Past: Ancient DNA and the Study of Animal Domestication. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 5(1):329-351. Orlando L. 2015. The first aurochs genome reveals the breeding history of British and European cattle. Genome Biology 16(1):1-3. Orton J, Mitchell P, Klein R, Steele T, and Horsburgh KA. 2013. An early date for cattle from Namaqualand, South Africa: implications for the origins of herding in southern Africa. Antiquity 87(335):108-120. Park SDE, Magee DA, McGettigan PA, Teasdale MD, Edwards CJ, Lohan AJ, Murphy A, Braud M, Donoghue MT, Liu Y et al. 2015. Genome sequencing of the extinct Eurasian wild aurochs, Bos primigenius, illuminates the phylogeography and evolution of cattle. Genome Biology 16(1):1-15. Qanbari S, Pausch H, Jansen S, Somel M, Strom TM, Fries R, Nielsen R, and Simianer H. 2014. Classic Selective Sweeps Revealed by Massive Sequencing in Cattle. PLoS Genetics 10(2):e1004148. Qiu, Qiang. Yak whole-genome resequencing reveals domestication signatures and prehistoric population expansions. Nature Communications, Lizhong Wang, Kun Wang, et al., Volume 6, Article number: 10283, Decemeber 22, 2015. Scheu A, Powell A, Bollongino R, Vigne J-D, Tresset A, Çakirlar C, Benecke N, and Burger J. 2015. The genetic prehistory of domesticated cattle from their origin to the spread across Europe. BMC Genetics 16(1):1-11. Shi Q, Guo Y, Engelhardt SC, Weladji RB, Zhou Y, Long M, and Meng X. 2016. Endangered wild yak (Bos grunniens) in the Tibetan plateau and adjacent regions: Population size, distribution, conservation perspectives and its relation to the domestic subspecies. Journal for Nature Conservation 32:35-43. Stock, Frauke. Genetics and African Cattle Domestication. African Archaeological Review, Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, Volume 30, Issue 1, SpingerLink, March 2013. Teasdale MD, and Bradley DG. 2012. The Origins of Cattle. Bovine Genomics: Wiley-Blackwell. p 1-10. Upadhyay, MR. Genetic origin, admixture and population history of aurochs (Bos primigenius) and primitive European cattle. Heredity, W Chen, J A Lenstra, et al., Volume 118, Nature, September 28, 2016. Wang K, Hu Q, Ma H, Wang L, Yang Y, Luo W, and Qiu Q. 2014.  Genome-wide variation within and between wild and domestic yak. Molecular Ecology Resources 14(4):794-801. Zhang X, Wang K, Wang L, Yang Y, Ni Z, Xie X, Shao X, Han J, Wan D, and Qiu Q. 2016. Genome-wide patterns of copy number variation in the Chinese yak genome. BMC Genomics 17(1):379.

Why and How Is the Brain Fooled by the Placebo Effect Essay

â€Å"The more you think of an imaginary problem, the more you feel as though it’s real.† (Panova) Our brain is known to work in mysterious ways, and the placebo effect acts is a prime example of exactly that. The concept of this phenomenon is known to confuse the average person, but it should not. Nevertheless, those unaware of it are still affected on a regular basis. In fact, every time a pill is taken, half of its power comes from just thinking and expecting it to work. All humans are gullible, each to a certain extent. Even the most clever individuals would succomb to the sheer power of placebos in, for example, a life-or-death situation. The placebo effect fools our brain effectively because of the trust we put into doctors and medicine,†¦show more content†¦The majority of the people in the group with valid medicine were healed. Surprisingly, around 379 people were cured by the placebo effect alone (Beecher). There is a distinct difference between the ef fects of medicine given to you by certified doctors and medicine given to you by your co-workers. Extravagant credentials at the beginning of a name or a convincing advertisement of a pill is all it takes for the placebo effect to break through our defenses. Another reason for why our brains are so easily fooled by the placebo effect is the feeling of safety, which makes us believe that the placebo effect cured our issues. To illustrate, a child is hit in the shin with a baseball, hard. His friend, who accidentally kicked the ball with too much force, excuses himself, but goes back to playing, leaving the sobbing victim alone. His favorite teacher sees what is going on and goes over to the child. She tells him that everything will be fine, that his injury is just a bruise, and that she will guide him to the nurse. The victim suddenly feels safer as a result of the social support he received from the teacher. He nearly forgets about his pain and smiles as he limps towards the nurse’s office (Humphrey). This is a fantastic example of how social support can lead to the placebo effect. Physically, there were no major changes in the condition of the child’s shin from when his friend apologized to when hisShow MoreRelated_x000C_I ntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesExperimental Design 51 2.5 More on Observational Studies: Designing Surveys (Optional) 56 2.6 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 61 Activity 2.1 Designing a Sampling Plan 63 Activity 2.2 An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect 64 Activity 2.3 McDonald’s and the Next 100 Billion Burgers 64 Activity 2.4 Video Games and Pain Management 65 Graphing Calculator Explorations 69 3 Graphical Methods for Describing Data 75 3.1 Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative BarRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesrelevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRating Scale 166 Comparison Data 166 Source of Personal Stress 166 3 SOLVING PROBLEMS ANALYTICALLY AND CREATIVELY 167 SKILL ASSESSMENT 168 Diagnostic Surveys for Creative Problem Solving 168 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 168 How Creative Are You ? 169 Innovative Attitude Scale 171 Creative Style Assessment 172 SKILL LEARNING 174 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 174 Steps in Analytical Problem Solving 174 Defining the Problem 174 Generating Alternatives 176 EvaluatingRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesunsuccessful practices are not unique. Information Boxes and Issue Boxes are included in each chapter to highlight relevant concepts and issues, or related information, and we are even testing Profile Boxes. Learning insights help students see how certain practices—both errors and successes—cross company lines and are prone to be either traps for the unwary or success modes. Discussion Questions and Hands-On Exercises encourage and stimulate student involvement. A recent pedagogical feature

Ethics in Religion free essay sample

â€Å"If there is no God, then everything is permitted† – Dostoyevky If there is no God, then surely everything is permitted and there will be situation of moral chaos. This is because people will try to define what is moral by themselves and people somehow will define it differently according to their internal and external factors. Without God, there is no good and evil, there are only subjective opinions that we then label â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil. † RELIGION MUST BE THE BASIS FOR MORALITY. No doubt religion must be the basis of ethics and it is undeniable. Why it is because religion is the most solid basis to explain morality. All religions have moral components and religious approach to ethical issues supported by divine teaching. With the clear guidelines that has been underline in holy books, revelations that mostly come from supernatural and divine teaching is not something man-made. For example, divine book of Islam Al-Quran lays the principles that help Muslims achieve salvation, become better individuals and useful members of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The book has underlined almost everything from how one should serve Allah to even how to do business. Next, God’s law is not only meant to create harmonious environment but also to test His believers’ upon their loyalty. Most religions always discuss about life after death. Human are accountable to all their action during their lifetime and it will be paid in hereafter. The concept of paradise and hell in Islam can be a motivational and sanction factors to Muslims to perform a good and avoid bad conducts. The concept of God’s existence will make belief that everything that you do will be paid, definitely. For example, the concept of karma in Buddhism and the concept of Judgement Day, Paradise and Hell in Islam. Besides that, the reason why religion is must be the basis of morality is because there will be no conflict of interest in defining what is right or wrong. The secular point of view on what can be classified as a moral conduct is based on only motive, act and consequences, which is somehow, may be biased. It only depends on the result and consequences of their conduct such as the famous quote by Machiavelli – â€Å"the ends justify the means†. What is morally right to do is based on what they think is right eventhough they may discriminate other people. For instance, the apartheid issue in United States is the question of moral. The forth reason why religion must be the basis of morality is that the view of God commands is good and what has been prohibited is evil. It has been explained by Divine Command Theory. The Divine Command Theory is the view on morality that what is right is whatever God commands. We know the sets of what is good and what is bad through religion, and their content are whatever our religion says it is. The believers hold that values come from some higher power or supernatural being. It shows that the determinant of what is good or bad is not based on normal human thinking by themselves as what has been practise by atheist but rather by some higher power or supernatural being. For example, the Universal Declaration Of Human Rights by United Nation that uphold the concept of LGBT is contradict with Islam that surely will lead to destruction of mankind. Lastly, no doubt that religious sanction has harmonious relationship between reasons and revelation. Most religions have certain sanction to their believers and the relevance of the sanctions is definitely has solid reasons. The atheists may argue with this sanctions but what they don’t understand is the ultimate reason it been introduced. Through the concept and belief in the existence of God, the believers will follow those sanctions for the reasons of their God will watch and judges every action and there will be rewards and punishments. For example, in pre-Islamic Arabia killing of female infants was very common and very often, the moment a female was born, she was buried alive. However, after the spread of Islam in Arabia, this evil practice has been discontinued for a good reason. CONCLUSION The argument that does we need to subscribe to a religion in order to be a good person is never ending. Obviously, people can certainly maintain ethical perspectives and subscribe to ethical principles and behaviour without engagement in religious or spiritual beliefs, institutions, or practices. Religious engagement and practices encourages and supports clean living. Research has consistently found that religious people are less likely to engage in criminal behaviour, marital infidelity, alcoholism, unprotected sexual activity as well as being more likely to engage in good social behaviours such as volunteerism and charity. REFERENCES * Stephen Satris, CLASHING VIEWS IN MORAL ISSUES, McGrawHill * Regina Wentzel Wolfe, ETHICS AND WORLD RELIGIONS, Orbis Books. * Joe Jenkins, ETHICS AND RELIGION, Heinemann.